Indigenous knowledge refers to the collective beliefs, values, tools, methods, and experiences of an ethnic group shaped by their interaction with the environment over time. The province of Gilan is a historic center of livestock husbandry in Iran, and its knowledge plays an important role in optimizing the use of natural ecosystems. The information for this survey was collected using ethnographic methods, including interviews and participant observation. The results show that livestock farmers have gained valuable experience in the different aspects of herd management, nutrition and housing of the animals. By carefully choosing grazing patterns, following seasonal grazing practices and paying attention to the composition and segregation of the herd, they have demonstrated remarkable competence in managing their ecosystems in a sustainable manner. Indigenous knowledge of animal nutrition includes identification of the predominant fodder plant including Poaceae and Leguminosae, the nutritional needs of pregnant and newborn animals, use of salt licks, crop residues and winter storage of feed. Moreover, knowledge of livestock housing is essential to optimizing the use of resources. Indigenous communities have gained a deep understanding of their country's strengths and weaknesses through constant interaction with nature and a systematic approach to planning and organization ensures its survival.

Climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions has endangered the life of humans. One of these atmospheric pollutants is N2O, which has a lifespan of 165 years and is roughly 310 times more efficient at trapping heat than CO2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the amount of N2O production by domestic animals in Iran. The number of livestock in the last decade, was obtained from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture. Domestic animals were divided into five experimental treatments: the cows group, the small-ruminants group, the large-livestock’ s group, the industrial-poultry group and the other-poultry group. Then, using IPCC software (Tier 1), the amount of N2O emissions from domestic animal husbandry was obtained. Data wereanalyzedaccording to acompletely randomized design usingSAS software. The covariance among the considered years was estimated using repeated measurementsanalysis intimes. The amounts of N2O emissions in 2017 were 6. 34, 79. 87, 1. 26, 1452. 71, and 7. 15 million tons, respectively. Total emissions of this gas, feed intake and productions livestock’ s during the last decade were about 128. 13 Gg/Year, 605. 72 million tons and 118. 37 million tons, respectively. The covariance structure of emissions was unstructured and heterogeneous among the studied years. It seems that the industrial poultry section is the main producer of N2O gas. Therefore, special scientific attention should be made to optimize the poultry manure management.

Background and objectives: Despite implementing rangeland plans, several reports on unfavorable condition of rangeland management are published. This indicates that the pressure on the rangeland is higher than their capacity. Their exploitation did not comply with the scale of its production and not equal to the scientific criteria (Mohamadi et al., 2007). Therefore, the description of the services of rangeland management plans should be revised. During the rangeland’s technical evaluation and issuing livestock grazing license, it paid special attention to the number of herders and suitable rangeland area required by each herder. It is believed that determining the optimal number of livestock is the most important management decision in the production and economy of pastoral units. This decision is very complex and depends on different criteria. Recognizing the costs and revenues of pastoral units for short and long-term planning of rangeland manager and government sectors is important in the basic use and maintenance of rangeland ecosystems. Methodology: Evaluation and economic analysis of traditional rangeland-based livestock husbandry in pastoral units of Sahand rangelands was the aim of the study. Through stratified random sampling method 45 pastoral units were selected. Finally, the economic evaluation questionnaire was randomly completed by 205 utilizers. Expenses and incomes and Net present value and Cost-benefit ratios of traditional animal husbandry in pastoral units of Sahand rangelands were extracted using questionnaire information. Also, economic rent and expected value from the perspective of Livestock Husbandry and forage production for the mentioned rangelands were calculated. The economic rent is the annual economic profit obtained from selling one product per unit area. Economic rent is calculated by subtracting explicit and hidden costs from the gross income and dividing the resulting value by the surface area. the expected value of each hectare of the investigated rangeland in terms of rangeland-based animal husbandry was determined by dividing the value of the economic rent by the Real discount rate. For calculations related to the economic justification of traditional livestock husbandry in pastoral units of Sahand rangelands, two indices of net present value of profit (NPV) and benefit to cost ratio (BCR) have been used. In the following equation, t is the useful life of the livestock husbandry period, B and C are the profit and cost of livestock husbandry in each year, i is the discount rate and n is the number of years. Results: Results showed that the utilizers of pastoral units of Sahand rangelands have an average of 85. 19 hectares of rangelands and the average number of livestock for each utilizer in these rangelands is 277. Annually, each utilizer in traditional livestock spends 1994. 14 million rials, most of which is related to the supply of feed and manual feeding of livestock. The total income of each operator during the year was an average of 2697. 38 million rials, the major part of which is related to the sale of livestock. Economic benefit per utilizer in summer rangelands is 1704. 38 million Rials. In the winter sector, the economic loss was estimated at 539. 10 million Rials per utilizer. The economic rent of exploiting the pastoral units of Sahand rangelands for animal husbandry was estimated at 8. 26 million Rials per hectare and the expected value of these rangelands was 1. 53 million Rials per hectare. According to the results of economic justification,In the scenario with a discount rate of 14%, there is 2. 712 million Rials and in the scenario with a discount rate of 18%, there is an economic loss of 2. 928 million Rials per utilizer. The Cost-benefit ratio in the scenario with a discount rate of 14% was 0. 79 and in the scenario with a discount rate of 18% was estimated 0. 76, which indicates the economic loss of rangeland-based livestock husbandry units in the pastoral units of Sahand rangelands. Conclusion: Financial analysis of Traditional Rangeland-based Livestock Husbandry units can provide the necessary information and guidance to the country's rangeland managers and can also be used in the planning and macroeconomic policies of the country as well as the management of Rangeland-based Livestock. In order to achieve the desired economic profitability and reduce livestock pressure on rangelands, the priority of the bureau of Rangeland Affairs should be the preparation of economic rangeland management plans. To achieve this, it is necessary to reduce the costs of livestock breeding by using new technologies and to make rangeland management as an economic activity by using multi-purpose use of rangelands. Cheaper rangeland management, empowerment of rangeland owners and increasing their welfare are the three basic preconditions for economic rangeland management and prevention of rangeland destruction.

The presence of livestock within forest stands in north of Iran, as one of the main hindrances for optimalforest managing influence the productivity of that individual forest ecosystem in a waste area. The present studywas conducted to investigate the effects of the long lasting presence of cattle on soil properties in Hyrcanianforests. The investigated area was a part of Parchinak district, Mazandaran -Sari (in 4 Livestock husbandrycampus and adjacent forest stands). Soil samples were collected from soil depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm usingcoring method (8 cm diameter) in each site randomly (n=5) for determining soil physical, chemical andbiological characteristic. Results showed that some soil physical characteristics (bulk density and moisturecontent) and many soil chemical properties (carbon and organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium andcalcium) were higher in husbandry area than the adjacent forest stand. Also, Net N mineralization and netnitrification have been observed only in Livestock campus. Our findings indicated a significant impact oflivestock presence (input of a huge amount of cattle dung and high soil compaction) on forest soil.

There are a number of requirements by which animals should be managed so that the best performance is achieved in a way acceptable to those responsible for the care of the animals and to the community generally. These requirements are the keys to good management and may be used to test the management of a poultry enterprise in relation to the standard of its management. These requirements are also called Principles. The importance of each Principle changes with the situation and thus the emphasis placed on each may alter from place to place and from time to time. This means that, while the Principles do not change the degree of emphasis and method of application may change. Every facet of the poultry operation should be tested against the relevant principles.

Traditional animal husbandry has the highest share in the exploitation of the country rangelands. Although more than half of the forage required for livestock is supplied from sources other than grazing in rangelands, most pastoralists believe that traditional livestock husbandry is not economically justified in Iran. Therefore, the current study is a step towards economic analysis of animal husbandry activity, which is dependent on the forage of summer rangelands of Sajjadrood watershed in Babol during a season of the year. Data related to economic analysis was completed based on a survey method and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of three allotments with range management plans and three allotments without any range plans. Using the Cochran formula, 82 ranchers were selected as needed samples for this research. In this study, the net profits of ranchers from livestock activities and other socio-economic factors affecting ranchers' income were investigated. The results showed that the profit/cost ratio of traditional husbandry activity was 1. 41 and had economic justification. However, there were no significant differences between the profitability of the rangelands with and without plans and between the ranchers with small, medium and large numbers of livestock. In 2016, average net profits per head of each livestock in rangelands with and without plans were 29477. 63 and 22130 Rials, respectively that were not statistically significant. According to the results, it was suggested that the best way to improve pastoralists' economic power was providing subsidized forage, low-interest banking facilities, changing in livestock breeding, and establishing pastoral cooperative companies.

Feed resources availability at cheap and affordable prices for livestock consumption are major factors determining capability of livestock production to supply products for increasing urban and cities consumers in Nigeria. To take advantages of the high demand in urban areas, livestock producers on extensive pastoralism are moving closer to cities and urban communities such as Abuja the Nigeria capital city. As these pastoralists moves closer to places like Abuja, traditional livestock production systems change from complete pastoralism to agro-pastoralism whereby hitherto pastoralists get settle down on suitable land where they can both rear their livestock and cultivate land for crop production. This practice is gaining ground not only among the hitherto pastoralists but among all farmers living closer to Abuja. An example of such location is Tafa Local Government where this study was carried out. But, increasing intensity of agro-pastoralism in the area is causing poor range productivity and livestock performance due to over-stocking, poor pasture utilization and seasonal variability effects on pasture plant yield. Therefore, an assessment of current feed resources use and farming practices in the area by agro-pastoralists was carried out for the purpose of suggesting positions for improved range and livestock performance through nutritional manipulations. The study confirmed that proximity of the study area to the Nigeria federal capital city is a factor supporting growth of agro-pastoralism in the area, it was discovered that between January and May annually; there is shortage of feeds and feed resources for livestock consumption, it was also discovered that prices of livestock is reasonable year round and average price of milk per litre is highest between January and April annually. The study concluded that livestock feed resources management practices such as protein supplementation, processing of green fodders into silage and improve utilization of crop residues and by-products are suitable for reducing shortage of feeds and feed resources between January and April annually in the area.

In this study, performances of the Iranian broiler husbandry industry and its growth potential have been calculated applying Total Factor Productivity (TFP) Tornqvist-Theil index to the data collected by the Iranian Statistical Center in 1990, 1994, 1995 and 2001. The results show that TFP index has been improved from 85.5 percent to 99.1 & 108.6 percent in 1994 and 1995 respectively. But its performance has been declined in 2001 by 13 percent due to implementing “Exchange Rate Unification” policy in 1990. In other words, sudden elimination of indirect subsidies caused technical efficiency of industry to decline. In addition, local comparison of chicken meat producing firms shows that difference between low and high performance provinces has been increased from 12 percent in 1994 to 35 percent in 2001. It implies that non symmetric industry growth has been carried out in this period and there is deep gap between average production costs of chicken meat production in different Iran provinces.

Artemia is a crustacean whose importance as a livefood in the field of aquaculture, has been known since 1930 decade. Today Artemia culturing, is considered as the main way to achieve such animal. Due to influence of Artemia species on the growing of this species, in addition to the environmental items; In this study, an Artemia species from Ghom Province (A partenogenetica), were cultured together with an imported species (A.franciscana), each in 3 treatments as territorial ponds along the southern coast of Ghom’s Namak Lake for a 180-day growing period. The results indicated that Nauplii production, cyst culture and biomass production of the local species were more suitable than the imported one, as (80± 10) kg/hectare and (66± 5) kg/hectare of cyst were produced from A.partenogenetica and A.franciscana species, respectively. Also, (2,800± 25) and (2,200± 20) kg/hectare of biomass were achieved from A.partenogenetica and A.franciscana, respectively during the husbandry term. The final result of this study showed that adaptability of the local species with the local growing natural environmental conditions is more cost-effective and preserving the region from presence of the invasive species.